Concept:McDougall studied instincts as innate, goal-directed behaviors that are linked to emotions. He proposed a specific classification of instincts.Explanation:McDougall defined instincts as inborn tendencies that make an organism notice certain objects, feel a specific emotion, and act in a particular way. He emphasized that instinct and emotion always go together. The emotional part is the conscious feeling during an instinctive action. He listed fourteen distinct instincts, each with its own accompanying emotion. For example, the instinct of escape is paired with fear, and the instinct of pugnacity with anger. This classification is a core part of his theory of motivation and behavior.Answer:B. McDougall