Concept:Abdur Razzaq, a 15th-century Persian ambassador, was impressed by the elaborate fortifications of Calicut.
Explanation:He described seven concentric lines of walls that encircled the city.
These walls protected both the urban settlement and the agricultural hinterland beyond.
The outermost wall was made of massive masonry blocks, slightly tapered, and set without any mortar.
The wedge-shaped stone blocks were designed for greater stability.
This outer wall connected the surrounding hills, forming a formidable barrier.
Inner walls were constructed from earth packed with rubble.
Bastions projected outward in square or rectangular shapes for defense.
Razzaq noted that cultivated fields, gardens, and houses existed between the first, second, and third walls.
This showed that the fortifications enclosed agricultural tracts, which was a remarkable feature.
He also marveled at the overall prosperity and thriving trade activities of the region.
His observations are recorded in the travelogue "Matla-us-Sadain wa Majma-ul-Bahrain".
This work provides valuable insights into diplomatic ties and trade routes between Persia and India.
Answer:Fortifications of Calicut