Concept:In classical Indian logic (Nyaya), a valid inference requires an exclusive middle term (vyapti). A non‑exclusive middle term makes the argument fallacious.Explanation:Assertion (A) is true. The argument “Fire is cold, because it is a substance” is fallacious.Reason (R) correctly identifies the flaw: the middle term “substance” is not exclusive. “Substance” applies to both cold and non‑cold things, so it fails to establish a necessary connection between fire and coldness.Thus, (R) is a true statement and it fully explains why (A) is true.Answer:Option A: Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).