Where,T= torque applied on the shaft in N−m J=IXx+Iyy=
Ï€d4
32
= polar moment of inertia m4 τ= shear stress in MPa, r = radius of the shaft in m, G= shear modulus or modulus of rigidity in MPa θ= angle of twist in radian and l= length of the shaft in m. τmax occurs at rmax i.e at R.