NIMCET 2011 Question Paper with solutions

Directions (Q. Nos. 102-111) Answer the following four questions based on the given paragraph. A recent experimental study showed for the first time that pulmonary exposure to the Particulate Matter (PM) within diesel exhaust enhances atherogenesis. The human blood vessel endothelium is a sensitive target for air pollutants. The interactions of the inflammation and coagulation systems are of the main mechanisms involved in impairment of endothelial function and eventually cardiovascular diseases. The effect of air pollution on inflammation, oxidative stress and cardiovascular risk. factors has been demonstrated not only in older adults. but also in young adults as well as in children and adolescents. The inflammation process stimulates the coagulation system and result in increased secretion of Tissue Factor (TF). Endothelial function has key roles in anticoagulant and fibrinolytic systems. In vitro studies have demonstrated significant decrease in endogenous anticoagulation activity, Thrombo Modulin (TM), endothelial protein C receptor antigen and culture of endothelial cells during the inflammation process. A growing body of evidence suggests that the effects. of air pollution on the inflammation and the coagulation systems may have a role in endothelial dysfunction and in tum in the progression of cardiovascular diseases. Findings of experimental studies suggest that exposure to air pollution may result in increase in TF and decrease in TM. Atherogenesis starts from the fatal life through interrelations or traditional risk factors with inflammatory, immune and endothelial biomarkers. Air pollution has various harmful effects on this process from early life. Studying the effects of environmental factors on early stages of atherosclerosis in early life can help identify the underlying mechanisms.