Concept:Effective courses of action must directly reduce the reliance on private vehicles and make public transportation a more favourable choice.
Explanation:The statement shows that lower parking fees have made private vehicles more attractive, causing a fall in public transport usage.
Course I suggests raising parking fees in the downtown area.
This would increase the cost of using private vehicles, making public transport comparatively more convenient and economical.
So, course I is a practical and relevant action.
Course II suggests lowering public transportation fares.
Reduced fares make buses or trains more affordable, which can attract people who currently prefer private vehicles.
This directly tackles the problem and can complement the effect of higher parking fees.
Thus, both measures together form a balanced approach to improving public transport usage.
Answer:Both courses of action I and II follow, so Option D is correct.