MAT Exam 2021 Paper

Question Numbers: 17-20Passage-5Global estimates published by the World Health Organisation (WHO) indicate that 1 in 3 (35\%) women worldwide have experienced either physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence or non-partner sexual violence in their lifetime.Worldwide as many as $38 \%$ of murders of women are committed by a made intimate partner. What makes this worse for countries like India is the fact that intimate partner violence is the highest at 37.7\% in the WHO South-East Asia region.As per figures released by WHO, the violence ranges from 23.2\% in high-income countries and $24.6 \%$ in the WHO Western Pacific region to 37\% in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean region. "Violence against women - particularly intimate partner violence and sexual violence - is a major public health problem and a violation of women's human rights. WHO together with UN women and other partners has developed a framework for prevention of violence against women called Respect which can be used by governments to counter this menance", noted WHO.Meanwhile, healthcare professional cautioned that violence can negatively affect a woman's physical, mental, sexual, and reproductive health, and may increase the risk of acquiring HIV in some settings.Explaining how gender-based violence is perpetrated, the global health organisation said that men are more likely to perpetrate violence if they have low education, a history of child maltreatment, exposure to domestic violence against their mothers, harmful use of alcohol, unequal gende norms, including attitudes accepting of violence and a sense of entitlement over women.Women are more likely to experience intimate partner violence if they have low education, exposure to mothers being abused by a partner, abuse, during childhood, and attitudes accepting violence, male privilege and women's subordinate status.Warning that intimate partner violence causes serious short and long-term problems for women and adversely affects their children besides leading to high social and economic costs for women, their families and societies, WHO said: "There is now evidence that advocacy and empowerment counselling interventions, as well as home visitation are promising in preventing or reducing intimate partner violence against women."