(i) All cities are oceans ⇒ Universal Affirmative (A-type).
(ii) Some villages are cities ⇒ Particular Affirmative (I-type).
(iii) No ocean is a town Universal Negative (E-type).
Some oceans are not towns ⇒ W Particular Negative (O-type).
Some villages are
cities All
cities are oceans.
I + A ⇒ I - type of Conclusion
“Some villages are oceans." (P)
All cities are
oceans No
ocean is a town
A + E ⇒ E - type Conclusion
“No city is a town.” (Q)
Some villages are
oceans No
ocean is a town.
I + E ⇒ O - type of Conclusion
“Some villages are not towns." (R)
Venn diagrams of “Some villages are cities" :
or
Venn diagram II supports the Conclusion I.