IBPS Clerk Mains 29 Nov 2025 Paper

Question Numbers: 50-56Directions: Read the given passage carefully to answer the following questions. Each question will have five alternatives as its answer. Choose the correct option as your answer.Genome sequencing has revolutionized the field of genetics, offering unprecedented insights into the detailed structures and functions of genomes across a wide array of organisms. By decoding the DNA sequences of different cells, scientists can understand genetic variations, disease mechanisms, and evolution at a molecular level. Two primary distinctions in genome sequencing are between bacterial genomes and eukaryotic cells, each presenting unique complexities and challenges. Bacterial genomes, generally smaller and simpler, have been sequenced in large numbers due to their relative ease and the profound impact such research can have. More than 3,000 varieties of bacterial genome cells have been sequenced, vastly surpassing initial targets of about 20-30. These efforts have enhanced our understanding of antibiotic resistance, pathogenesis, and the role of bacteria in various ecosystems. In contrast, sequencing eukaryotic cells, which are more complex and larger, involves intricate procedures due to their organized structure of multiple chromosomes and abundant non-coding DNA.The University of Cambridge, under the leadership of Professor Sarah Brown, has been at the forefront of bacterial genome sequencing. Her team's work on the genomic diversity of Escherichia coli has provided critical insights into its adaptability and pathogenicity. Meanwhile, at Harvard University, Professor James Wilson has been spearheading research on the human genome. His comparative studies between various eukaryotic species have revealed significant genetic commonalities and diversities that underline developmental and evolutionary biology. Three notable scientists have made landmark contributions to the field of genome sequencing. Dr. Emily Carter has made significant advances in sequencing fungal genomes, uncovering genetic pathways crucial for industrial applications and biocontrol. Dr. Michael Thompson's work focuses on plant genome sequencing, which holds tremendous potential for enhancing crop yields and ensuring food security. Lastly, Dr. Rachel Adams has conducted pivotal research on marine bacterial genomes, improving our understanding of oceanic ecosystems and bioremediation processes. The term "low hanging fruit" in this context refers to the initial sequences of simpler genomes, such as bacterial cells, which are relatively easier to obtain and analyse compared to more complex eukaryotic genomes. These early successes have provided foundational knowledge and methodologies that pave the way for more challenging sequencing projects.