Concept:Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development has three levels: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. Each level has two stages. The pre-conventional level focuses on external consequences and self-interest. Stage 2 is the instrumental/exchange orientation, where actions are based on “tit for tat” or mutual benefit.
Explanation:Noor says: “You should share because I shared with you yesterday.” This is a direct exchange — you give because you got. This matches stage 2 (instrumental-relativist or exchange orientation) of the pre-conventional level. The table below shows all stages:
At the pre-conventional level, children judge actions by direct consequences or rewards. Noor’s logic is based on a past favor to demand a current favor — this is exchange orientation typical of stage 2 (pre-conventional). Conventional level would focus on social approval or law and order, which is not the case here. Post-conventional level deals with abstract principles. Therefore, Noor’s statement shows an exchange orientation at the pre-conventional stage.
Answer:D. exchange ; pre conventional