Concept:Tribes often rejected the caste system, formed organized states, and clashed with larger kingdoms.
Explanation:Many tribes refused to follow the Varna-based caste system and orthodox Hinduism.
They kept their own customs and identity.
Some tribes, like the Ahoms and Gonds, built large states with strong administrative systems.
As tribal states grew powerful, they often fought with larger kingdoms over land and resources.
Option (a) is false because Varna-based society did interact with tribal people, though unequally.
Thus, only claims (b), (c), and (d) are historically correct.
Answer:B. (b), (c) and (d) are valid.