CTET Paper II (Social Science) 18 Jan 2023 Solved Paper

Concept:Kohlberg’s theory describes stages of moral reasoning. The lowest stage is punishment and obedience orientation, where actions are judged by fear of punishment and obedience to authority.Explanation:Umed avoids eating chocolates because he fears being caught and punished by his father. He focuses only on avoiding negative consequences, not on others’ needs or abstract principles. This matches Kohlberg’s first level: pre-conventional morality, specifically the punishment and obedience orientation stage. In this stage, children obey rules strictly to avoid punishment, without understanding deeper moral reasons. Umed’s reasoning shows he is not considering self-interest or social approval, but simply fear of getting caught. Therefore, his moral development corresponds to this stage.Answer:Option B: Punishment and obedience orientation