Concept:In Kohlberg's pre-conventional level, children see rules as coming from outside themselves, not as internal values.Explanation:Lawrence Kohlberg studied how people reason about moral dilemmas. He identified three levels: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. At the pre-conventional level (typical for young children), individuals do not yet internalize rules. They follow rules only to avoid punishment or gain rewards. Rules and social expectations are seen as external forces imposed by authority, not as part of the self. This level includes two stages: punishment-obedience orientation and instrumental-exchange orientation. Therefore, in pre-conventional morality, rules are external to the self, not yet owned by the individual.Answer:Option D. rules are external to the self.