Concept:Children’s development is shaped by both biological and environmental factors, but modern psychology emphasizes the powerful role of social and cultural influences.
Explanation:Option A, 'tabula rasa' or blank slate, was proposed by John Locke, suggesting all knowledge comes from experience. This view ignores children’s innate abilities.
Option B, 'born unruly and need socializing,' reflects an older, behaviorist perspective that oversimplifies children’s behavior.
Option C, 'genetic codes determine destiny,' is too deterministic. Genetics influence development but do not fix a child’s future; environment and learning also matter.
Option D is correct. Sociocultural theories, especially by Lev Vygotsky, explain that children grow through interactions with caregivers, peers, and their community. Culture provides tools, language, and norms that shape thinking and behavior. Social context deeply affects learning and development.
Answer:D. Are greatly influenced by the social cultural context they grow up in.