Concept:Higher aims of teaching mathematics focus on developing a child's thinking, reasoning, and problem‑solving abilities, rather than just factual knowledge or employability.
Explanation:According to NCERT and George Polya, the higher aims include: developing abstract thinking, drawing logical conclusions, and treating mathematics as a way of life – that is, communicating, discussing, and building a problem‑solving attitude.
Statement (a) is about turning out employable adults – this is a narrower, utilitarian aim.
Statement (d) emphasizes factual knowledge and procedural fluency – also a narrow aim.
Statements (b) and (c) directly reflect the higher aims: inner resources like abstract thinking and logical reasoning (b), and seeing mathematics as a way of life with communication and problem‑solving (c).
Hence, the correct pair is (b) and (c).
Answer:B. (b) and (c)