Concept:For a perfect conductor in electrostatic equilibrium, the electric field inside is zero, the field just outside is perpendicular to the surface, and the entire conductor is an equipotential. However, surface charge distribution is not necessarily uniform — it depends on the shape.
Explanation:Option A is true: Inside a perfect conductor, the net electric field is zero.
This happens because free charges rearrange until no internal field remains.
Option B is true: Just outside the conductor, the electric field is always perpendicular to the surface.
If any tangential component existed, it would cause surface charges to move until it vanished.
Option C is true: The entire conductor – including its surface – is at a single constant potential, making it an equipotential surface.
Option D is false: The statement says charge is always uniformly distributed over the surface irrespective of shape.
In reality, surface charge density
σ varies with local curvature.
Sharp points (high curvature) have higher charge density than flatter regions.
The relation is
E⊥​=ε0​σ​, where
E⊥​ is the electric field just outside.
Only for a sphere (or any highly symmetric shape) is the distribution uniform.
Thus, option D is not true for a perfect conductor.
Answer:The statement that is not true for a perfect conductor is Option D.