Concept:The oldest known civilization is Mesopotamian, which emerged around 3100 BCE in the region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (modern‑day Iraq).
Explanation:Mesopotamia is often called the “Cradle of Civilization” because it developed the first cities, writing (cuneiform), and codified laws (Code of Hammurabi).
The Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians thrived there.
Other ancient civilizations appeared later:
- Egyptian civilization (~3100 BCE) along the Nile River is roughly contemporary but slightly later in full urban development.
- Indus Valley civilization (~2600 BCE) in present‑day India and Pakistan.
- Chinese civilization (~1600 BCE) along the Yellow River.
Thus, Mesopotamian civilization predates all the others listed.
Answer:D. Mesopotamia (Iraq) is the correct answer (option 4).