Concept:The title Zill-i-Ilahi, meaning "Shadow of God," was used by medieval rulers to claim divine authority and legitimacy.Explanation:Balban, who ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 1266 to 1287, was the first to adopt the title Zill-i-Ilahi. He did this to strengthen the concept of divine kingship and to elevate his status above nobles and rivals. By claiming to be the shadow of God on earth, Balban aimed to centralize power and reduce the influence of other leaders. This title helped him justify his absolute rule. In contrast, Alauddin Khilji is remembered for his market reforms and military expansions. Akbar is known for his policy of Sulh-i-Kul (universal peace) and religious tolerance. Iltutmish laid the foundation of the Delhi Sultanate but did not use this title. Thus, the correct identification is with Balban.Answer:C. Balban (Option 3)