AP TET Paper 2 Social Science Model Paper 1

Concept:Classical conditioning is a learning process discovered by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian psychologist, in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an automatic response.Explanation:In classical conditioning, an unconditioned stimulus $(\mathrm{UCS})$ naturally triggers an unconditioned response $(\mathrm{UCR})$ without prior learning.When a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the $\mathrm{UCS}$, it becomes a conditioned stimulus $(\mathrm{CS})$.The $\mathrm{CS}$ alone can then produce a conditioned response $(\mathrm{CR})$.This response occurs automatically, or reflectively, due to the learned association between the $\mathrm{CS}$ and the $\mathrm{UCS}$.Therefore, the key characteristic is that the conditioned response is forced reflectively by the unconditioned stimulus.Option B is wrong because classical conditioning was not formulated by Skinner; he is associated with operant conditioning.Options C and D describe operant conditioning, where reinforcement and reward depend on the response made by the organism.Answer:Option A is correct: The occurrence of conditioned response is forced reflectively by unconditioned stimulus.