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NCERT Class XII Mathematics Chapter - - Solutions

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Exercise - 7.8
Evaluate the following definite integrals as limit of sums.
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Question : 173 of 271
Marks: +1, -0
∫14(x2−x)dx\int\limits_{1}^{4}(x^2-x)dx
Solution:  
Let f(x) = x2−xx^{2}-x then ∫14f(x)dx=∫14(x2−x)dx\int\limits_{1}^{4}f(x)dx=\int\limits_{1}^{4}(x^{2}-x)dx
a=1,b=4,nh=3a = 1, b = 4, nh = 3
Now, f (a) = f (1) = 1 – 1 = 0
f(a+h)=f(1+h)f(a+h)=f(1+h) =(1+h)2−(1+h)=(1+h)^{2}-(1+h) =h2+h=h^{2}+h
f(a+2h)=f(1+2h)f(a+2h)=f(1+2h) =(1+2h)2−(1+2h)=(1+2h)^{2}-(1+2h) =4h2+2h=4h^{2}+2h
f(a+3h)=f(1+3h)f(a+3h)=f(1+3h) =(1+3h)2−(1+3h)=(1+3h)^{2}-(1+3h) =9h2+3h=9h^{2}+3h
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f(a+(n−1)h)=f(1+(n−1)h)f(a+(n-1)h)=f(1+(n-1)h) =(1+(n−1)h)2−(1+(n−1)h)=(1+(n-1)h)^{2}-(1+(n-1)h) =(n−1)2h2+(n−1)h=(n-1)^{2}h^{2}+(n-1)h
By definition
∫abf(x)dx=lim⁡h→0h[f(a)+f(a+h)+f(a+2h)+⋯+f(a+(n−1)h)]\int\limits_{a}^{b}f(x)dx=\lim\limits_{h\to 0}h\left[f(a)+f(a+h)+f(a+2h)+\dots+f(a+(n-1)h)\right]
∴∫14(x2−x)dx=lim⁡h→0h[0+(h2+h)+(4h2+2h)+(8h2+3h)+⋯+{(n−1)2h2+(n−1)h}]\therefore\int\limits_{1}^{4}(x^{2}-x)dx=\lim\limits_{h\to 0}h\left[0+(h^{2}+h)+(4h^{2}+2h)+(8h^{2}+3h)+\dots+\left\{(n-1)^{2}h^{2}+(n-1)h\right\}\right]
=lim⁡h→0h[h2(1+4+9+⋯+(n−1)2)+h(1+2+3+⋯+(n−1))]=\lim\limits_{h\to 0}h\left[h^{2}(1+4+9+\dots+(n-1)^{2})+h(1+2+3+\dots+(n-1))\right]
=lim⁡h→0[h2(n−1)n(2n−1)6+h(n−1)n2]=\lim\limits_{h\to 0}\left[h^{2}\frac{(n-1)n(2n-1)}{6}+\frac{h(n-1)n}{2}\right]
=lim⁡h→0[(3−h)3(6−h)6+(3−h)32]=\lim\limits_{h\to 0}\left[\frac{(3-h)3(6-h)}{6}+\frac{(3-h)3}{2}\right]
=3(3)(6)6+3(3)2=272=\frac{3(3)(6)}{6}+\frac{3(3)}{2}=\frac{27}{2}
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